The Australian Health care system is founded on the concept of equity Essay

The Australian Health care system is founded on the concept of equity of access. Discuss this statement with relation to the con - Essay Example (Braveman, 2003). Identification of those people can be made through the use of census data using the criteria such as geographic, socio economic, epidemiological or clinical or through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) or ambulatory care sensitive condition hospital admission data (Muecke, 2010). Australian initiatives The National Health and Hospital Reform Commission (2008) and the National Health Performance Framework (2004) have given rise to the following principles for delivering improved healthcare to rural and remote populations. Accordingly, the services should 1) be accessible and equitable in that services should be need based and payable consistent with paying capacity. 2) be needs based and should be sensitive to cultural differences, cultural diversity and choices 3) ensure early intervention aimed at maintaining wellness, prevention of illness and achieving optimal health. 4) aim at comprehensives of services through coordinated services of diverse spe cialists in the wake of incidence of chronic diseases, 5) ensure safety and quality of health care which should be appropriate, in time and effective consistent with the best available evidence, 6) be efficient by minimising cost and maximising value, 7) be sustainable and 8) be based on the principle of accountability (Humphreys & Wakerman, n.d ). The Final report June 2009 of the health reform commission towards a better health for all Australians by tackling major access and equity issues prioritises five issues towards that end. 1) First, to improve the health outcomes for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 2) Second, mental health care to be improved. 3) Third, to extend support for those living in remote and rural areas. 4) Fourth, improved access to dental health care. And 5) Fifth, Quicker access to health care in public hospitals (DepartmentOfHealthandAgeing, 2009). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. This long neglected segment of the Australia n population has caught the attention of the policy makers who have made determined efforts to give the top most priority for better health care delivery to these people. The Australian government have publicly apologised to these people. The intensity and sincerity of purpose to improve health outcomes to the First Australians living in isolation both in rural and urban areas have been unprecedented. Towards this end, a separate authority of National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Authority (NATSIHA) has been formed. All the funding are aggregated and entrusted to this authority which is expected to utilise the funds for purchasing and commissioning the best available health care services. The services are expected to be effective, of high quality, appropriate to their culture and to meet the needs of these populations with a focus of the family and community of each member. Health care delivery does not mean treating illness alone. In order to promote their well bein g, their low nutrition intake has been targeted to be improved so as to close the health gap among these people. As a part of this initiative, vegetable and fruits hitherto unavailable to them owing to their remoteness are to be made available at their places of living at affordable prices (DepartmentOfHealthandAgeing, 2009). Serious mental illness The next priority has been accorded to

Prayer should be allowed in Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Prayer should be allowed in Public Schools Essay The issue regarding the constitutionality of mandatory school prayer in schools in hinged on the separation between the church and the state that has been decreed by the constitution. On one side, there are those who argue that prayer in public school classrooms should be declared unconstitutional because it involves â€Å"excessive entanglement,† which is prohibited under the doctrine of separation of church and state (Clark 35). The other view is based more on the argument that such act is permissible because even the Pledge of allegiance contains the phrase â€Å"under God. (Clark 35)† It is humbly submitted in this position paper, however, that the more correct view remains to be that prayer in classrooms should be tolerated as long as it is not mandatory. In arriving at a better understanding of this issue, it is first important to define the constitutional issue at hand. The phrase, â€Å"separation of Church and State†, is actually from a letter that was written by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to a group that called themselves the Danbury Baptists (Busher 13). In the letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. † This was of course in reference to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (Whitsitt 186). The basic precept of this doctrine is founded on a firm belief that religion and state should be separate. It covers a very wide spectrum, as mentioned in the previous sections of this discussion, ranging from the secularization or elimination of the church to theocracy wherein the state works in tandem with a religion in order to govern over the acts of people (Bradley 199) The problem is that while the church and state do maintain that there is indeed a necessity to abide by the doctrine of the separation of church and state there is no clear way of delineating the boundaries between the spheres of these two institutions (Bradley 199). There are still certain acts that require entanglement between the church and the state because of the duty of the government to cater to the welfare of its people who invariably belong to some form of religion, in most cases. One of these instances is when prayer is allowed in public school classrooms. To argue that prayer is unconstitutional would be to deny the people the right to their rich American history. The first settlers were Pilgrims and even the first thanksgiving meal, though not seemingly a prayer by conventional means, was actually an act of thanking the almighty God for all the blessings (Bradley 199). If prayer is to be considered as a religious affirmation that is offensive to the constitution then other forms such as the pledge of allegiance and the â€Å"In God We Trust† declaration on the dollar bill must also be struck down (Bradley 199). It cannot therefore be argued prayer in public school classrooms is a clear violation of the establishment clause when even the humble dollar bill has the sign â€Å"in God we trust† written on it. If it is to be argued that prayer is a violation of the establishment clause then so must the dollar bill be struck down as a violation (Bradley 199). Yet time and again the almighty dollar has prevailed. The reason for this is because such a declaration is not an endorsement of a single religion, which is exactly what the establishment clause prohibits, but rather it is a declaration by the American people of their belief in a superior being. This argument is not limited to a single God but to all Gods of whatever beliefs. The beauty of the American democracy is that it empowers instead of stifles. It encourages instead of denies. To argue that prayer should not be allowed is unpatriotic, it is un-American. A prayer is a sign of thanks for everything that has been given to everyone. A single word or phrase isolated and taken out of context does much to remove the original intent from it. Reciting a prayer in public school classrooms does not further the cause of any single religion. Instead, it serves to show the rest of the world the pride that Americans have for their great nation. It shows unity. It shows strength. It shows the American way. References: Clark, James R. (1965). Messages of the First Presidency. Brigham Young University, Department of Educational Leadership Foundations. Retrieved on 2007-1-30. Fighting the Establishment (Clause). Bradley, Jennifer, The American Prospect, September 1, 1996. Available at: http://www. prospect. org/print/V7/28/bradley-j. html Religion in the Public Schools: A Joint Statement of Current Law. The American Civil Liberties Union, 1996. Available at: http://aclu. org/issues/religion/relig7. html West Encyclopedia of American Law. West Group, 1998. Busher, Leonard (1614). Religious Peace: or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience. Whitsitt, Dr. William (1896). A Question in Baptist History: Whether the Anabaptists in England Practiced Immersion Before the Year 1641?. C. T. Dearing, pp. 69-70.

The Violence of Christopher Marlowes The Jew of Malta Essay -- Jew of

The Violence of Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta      Ã‚   Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is a violent, bloody, destructive play that literally jars the senses.   Part of this is due to the modern reader's background:   we see the characters through modern eyes, with distinct views of "low class" and "high class."   It would be easy, as such, to discount The Jew of Malta as only appealing to the base interests of its time, and it would be only slightly less easy to protest that it has meaning beyond any crude first glance, and that the extreme acts presented are merely metaphors for deeper social commentary.   Steane writes:    There is a general feeling that this is a play of distinctive character, and an equally widespread difference of opinion as to what that character exactly is.   Few plays have been given more names: tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, tragical-comical, farcical-satirical, 'terribly serious' or 'tediously trivial'; 'terrifying', it seems, cannot be too heavy a term, nor 'absurd' too light [sic]. (166)    The Jew of Malta is extreme, and is meant to be extreme.   The protagonist, Barabas, is gleeful, scheming evil, and does not represent anything other than himself.   Barabas, with his frequent asides, betrayals on top of betrayals, and unending blood-thirst, is the eye of the play's chaotic, whirling storm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marlowe, too often seen in Shakespeare's shadow as an inferior whose modest body of work either pales to the mighty canon of Shakespeare or merely subtly influences him as a popular contemporary, produced in The Jew of Malta, and in Barabas, wit and savagery, perhaps to a degree foreign to most audiences.   Much is also made of Barabas as a Jew... ...ontested status of Huckleberry Finn).   But a given work, even as edgy a work as The Jew of Malta, can be reasonably expect a fair break from the "liberal arts" critical interpreters, who, doubtless, will reveal hidden meanings, as well as postulate new meanings, in this worthy work in the coming years.          Works Cited Deats, Sara Munson, and Lisa S. Starks.   "'So neatly plotted, and so well perfom'd': Villain as Playwright in Marlowe's The Jew of Malta."   Theatre Journal.   Vol. 44, 1992.   375-389. Eliot, T. S.   "The Blank Verse of Marlowe."   The Sacred Wood.   London: Methuen, 1964.   86-94. Henderson, Philip.   Christopher Marlowe.   New York: Barnes & Noble, 1974. Marlowe, Christopher.   The Jew of Malta.   Ed. James R. Siemon.   London: Black, 1994. Steane, J. B.   Marlowe: A Critical Study.   London: Cambridge UP, 1964.    The Violence of Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta Essay -- Jew of The Violence of Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta      Ã‚   Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is a violent, bloody, destructive play that literally jars the senses.   Part of this is due to the modern reader's background:   we see the characters through modern eyes, with distinct views of "low class" and "high class."   It would be easy, as such, to discount The Jew of Malta as only appealing to the base interests of its time, and it would be only slightly less easy to protest that it has meaning beyond any crude first glance, and that the extreme acts presented are merely metaphors for deeper social commentary.   Steane writes:    There is a general feeling that this is a play of distinctive character, and an equally widespread difference of opinion as to what that character exactly is.   Few plays have been given more names: tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, tragical-comical, farcical-satirical, 'terribly serious' or 'tediously trivial'; 'terrifying', it seems, cannot be too heavy a term, nor 'absurd' too light [sic]. (166)    The Jew of Malta is extreme, and is meant to be extreme.   The protagonist, Barabas, is gleeful, scheming evil, and does not represent anything other than himself.   Barabas, with his frequent asides, betrayals on top of betrayals, and unending blood-thirst, is the eye of the play's chaotic, whirling storm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marlowe, too often seen in Shakespeare's shadow as an inferior whose modest body of work either pales to the mighty canon of Shakespeare or merely subtly influences him as a popular contemporary, produced in The Jew of Malta, and in Barabas, wit and savagery, perhaps to a degree foreign to most audiences.   Much is also made of Barabas as a Jew... ...ontested status of Huckleberry Finn).   But a given work, even as edgy a work as The Jew of Malta, can be reasonably expect a fair break from the "liberal arts" critical interpreters, who, doubtless, will reveal hidden meanings, as well as postulate new meanings, in this worthy work in the coming years.          Works Cited Deats, Sara Munson, and Lisa S. Starks.   "'So neatly plotted, and so well perfom'd': Villain as Playwright in Marlowe's The Jew of Malta."   Theatre Journal.   Vol. 44, 1992.   375-389. Eliot, T. S.   "The Blank Verse of Marlowe."   The Sacred Wood.   London: Methuen, 1964.   86-94. Henderson, Philip.   Christopher Marlowe.   New York: Barnes & Noble, 1974. Marlowe, Christopher.   The Jew of Malta.   Ed. James R. Siemon.   London: Black, 1994. Steane, J. B.   Marlowe: A Critical Study.   London: Cambridge UP, 1964.   

Havmor Limited India Essay

INTRODUCTION TO HAVMOR ICE-CREAM PVT. LTD. Havmor Food Pvt. Ltd. is the industry where different flavors of ice-cream are prepared. Havmor Industries is the firm chiefly leading with processing of Ice-cream. But also makes other products. Havmor Industries is one of the famous Ice-cream producing companies in Gujarat. As today Ice-cream market has been more competitive due to many new entries in the fields but Havmor is still holding its position and command in the Ice-cream market. BACKGOUND AND HISTORY OF HAVMOR ICE-CREAM Havmor ice-cream began its branded life in 1944 in Karachi in undivided India. But by 1947 it became a popular brand. But in 1947, in the time of the partition, its founder Satish Chona had to join the exodus to India, with virtually no movable Assets. Searching for a new turf, he tired out Dehra Dun and Indore and finally settled down in Ahnmedabad. In India he had to again begin his work from the start. He started selling ice-cream at the Ahmedabad Railway Station. The founder began the brand named Havmor, their slogan was â€Å"Achai, Sachai, Safai† Today, Havmor ice-cream is a delicious facet of Western India’s daily life, and part of its market move. It reaches hundreds of thousands of consumer through 8 main outlets and 3800 plus dealers. Pradeep Chona, Son of Satish Chona, today heads the Havmor conglomerate. He has continued his father is quality obsession and streak of innovation. Pradeep Chona set off a series of changes in Havmor – in technology, in quality and hygiene standards in management in HRD and in the overall corporate environment. This re-engineering was completed by capacity expansions and a flourry of promotional activities, to maintain the company’s market presence in act in competitive firms.

Customer Relationship Management Strategy Essay

1)Introduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has become a main focus for businesses with today’s markets becoming more saturated and competitive. ‘Customer Relationship Management is the ultimate challenge for marketing experts in any business. A successful company will use customer information wisely to build relationships with their customers, on the level that together they will work together towards a long-term relationship.’ (Xu et al. 2002) High customer Intimacy can be produced from these processes and strategy. ‘Customer intimacy is an essential factor in the Customer Relationship Management value chain’ (Buttle, 2004). This marketing strategy consists of a business using ways to get close to clients with benefits for a business including improved highly tailored problem solving capabilities and greater adaptation of products to customer needs, as well as higher customer loyalty levels. This customer intimacy has a major impact on the success on a company and we can see this in modern organisations. We see that customer satisfaction alone is not enough,’Oglivy Loyalty Centre found that, although 85% of customers reported being satisfied, only 40% repurchased’ (McKenzie,1995) and therefore customer must use CRM to help improve their customer intimacy. However, to what extent does the strategy and processes involved with CRM help achieve this customer intimacy and in what was are these processes seen as beneficial for both the customer and the company. The focus of this paper is to look at the ways in which organisation use various forms of CRM strategy and processes in order create better, and lasting relationships with their customers. 2)Membership Cards One way in which many companies, especially retail, aim to increase their customer intimacy is through membership card schemes. These can come in many different forms from and offer a variety of advantages for the customer to use. The main feature of all of these themes is that the customer is rewarded in some way, and in effect, keeps the customer happy and encourages repeat trade. However many card schemes go a step further and are used for the advantage of both the customer and the company. ‘Around 80% of UK households participate in at least one customer loyalty card scheme’ (Stone et al. 2008) and they come in different forms such as the Tesco’ Clubcard, Boots’ Advantage Card and Sainsburys’ Nectar Card. The common feature these cards have is that not only do they provide offers for the customer, but they allow companies to collect valuable data which, in turn improves customer intimacy between the business and the customer. ‘Using customer data and targeting those customers helped make the retailer’s transition much more efficient’ (Shaw, 2012). 2.1)Membership Card – Achieving Customer Intimacy This data is extremely valuable to a company. They spend millions of pounds each year conducting market research to try and find out their customers’ requirements, expectations and preferences. With the use of this card, the technology builds up this information and stores it all to databases. This provides a company with useful information which will allow them to target their customers in such a way that they can build up an everlasting relationship. ‘Customer Relationship Management is grounded on high quality customer-related data and enabled by information technology, (Buttle, 2009). With this card, a business, such as the market leaders of Tescos and Boots can see everything they wish to know about their buyer. This can vary from the information upon registering their card such as age, geographical location, contact details. Along with this, the card will collect data such as what the customer buys, how much they spend and how often. A company can see trends in a particular region, a need for a particular age group and they can segment their products to a more specialised market. ‘Companies get a clear view as to how their business affects individual customers; associated segmentation and other benefits’ (Stone et al, 2008). In addition, to further improve customer intimacy, a company can target a customer and send offers for the products they buy most through email or by post all of which strengthens this bond between customer and company. Here we see a table which shows us the ladder of customer loyalty. With an increase in customer intimacy, a business can take prospecting purchaser and convey them into a loyal customer (Christopher at al, 1998). 2.2)The Cooperative Membership Card The company to demonstrate is The Co-operative Food. Retail chains are at the fore-front for advances in technology and are competing for ways in which to understand their customers and use the strategies to improve customer intimacy. The purchasing behavior in food retail is the most repetitive of all (Manas, 2011), so to get this customer intimacy correct has never been more important. The Co-operative Food (Co-op) uses their loyalty strategy by having membership scheme available to all colleagues and customers. This card acts as most retail cards do in that they collect a customer’s information which is then fed to the company’s data base. There is a number of ways in which this card creates an improvement in customer intimacy. First of all, unlike all of the other schemes available, twice a year the Co-op gives a share of its profits through the post to all of the members of the scheme. ‘You can enjoy your share of the profits along with exclusive member discounts and offers’ (www.co-operative.coop/membership). Along with this, each customer is sent a seasonal brochure from the company. Inside, it gives a customer details of how the company is operating, information of how the company is helping the community, recipes for things to make with the coop products along with vouchers to spend in store. Another scheme used by the coop is membership coupons which are printed at the till terminal which allow money off the next spend. These strategies allow a mutual benefit; the company is updated with a customer’s information, along with the customer receiving healthy benefits from the company encouraging customer intimacy. 3)Customer Interaction Another strategy that many organisations use to create a high level of customer intimacy is through customer interaction. Many companies use schemes which allow employers to either speak face to face with a customer or give them a platform to have their voice heard. ‘By giving your customers a platform for reaching prospects, your marketing efforts become more objective and inclusive’ (Rast, 2012). This customer interaction can be seen in many different forms, varying form feedback surveys, forums or mystery shopper visits. This can be seen in many different organisations which are customer focused. Examples of these include online survey/feedback forms which can be found for most organisations, customer

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students Looking for tips on how to create an effective presentation in psychology? Working on this assignment, you will be able to gain an insight into a field of psychology and human interaction. But this task is rather challenging because you need to choose an interesting topic, research it and present your findings in front of the audience. To help you cope with this assignment, we have prepared this quick guide where you will find all the necessary information for writing and delivering an awesome psychology presentation. And if you need advice on completing other type of project, on our website you can find plenty of full guides to all writing assignments our there. In this article, we will discuss specifics of presentations in psychology, give advice to how to choose a good topic, provide you with step-by-step writing guide, and give you some tips on creating visual aids for your presentation. What Is a Presentation in Psychology? Psychology studies the human brain and people’s behavior, interactions, and thoughts. This interesting field of study has a broad scope and is relevant to a wide range of sectors, including social services, health, advertising, and education. Psychology writing has a goal to inform the audience about new ideas, theories or experiments. Students who study psychology have to write different types of assignment, including essays where they need to develop a coherent argument, research reports where they present results of their research in the format of a journal article, and methodology recounts describing methods they used for conducting experiments and recording their findings. Besides, you may be assigned to prepare a paper presentation and deliver a talk presenting results of your research in front of the audience. When you write a presentation in psychology, you need to convey factual knowledge which is supported by research and be as precise as possible. Making a presentation has some specifics because you need to consider the fact that your audience will not be able to read your paper. Your task is to communicate complex ideas clearly and concisely, minimizing the use of descriptive language and complex sentences and make them understandable to a wide audience. That’s why your presentation should be written in a simple language and you should try to explain complex concepts with a minimum of specific terms. Besides, you may need to prepare visual aids (slides, handouts, posters) to help your listeners follow your argument and emphasize the most important points. Presenting results of the research can be stressful even for experienced psychology scientists because oral presentations take only 10-15 minutes and you need to decide what information to include and how to organize it so that your audience won’t be bored. Choosing an interesting topic and detailed planning are the keys to success. How to Choose a Good Topic for a Psychology Presentation It goes without saying that you should choose a topic you are passionate about. You will be more motivated to overcome possible challenges connected with doing research, organizing material, structuring your presentation, and building slides. But you should also consider your audience – whether they will be members of the faculty who are familiar with psychology concepts or whether they will be people who may never had a class in psychology. Knowing your audience will help you choose the scope of the topic appropriate to their level of knowledge and structure your presentation in psychology with appropriate depth. When you choose a topic, make sure is it is narrow enough so you will be able to cover it in a limited period of time and start researching it – read good primary and secondary sources and take notes of the key ideas that you may want to include in your presentation. Looking for an engaging topic for research? Feel free to choose the one you like from our list: Maslow’s Theory of Motivation; Gender Roles in Relationships; Social Psychological Aspects of Cults; Key Theories of Albert Bandura; Causes of Personality Disorders; The Value of Self-Affirmations; Intelligence and Achievement Testing; Psychology and the Global Climate Change; NLP Communication Model; Anxiety in Children; Psychology of Dreams; Causes of Eating Disorders; Child Abuse and Mental Health Issues; Impact of Exercise on Mental Health; Physical Effects of Stress and Anxiety. Plan Your Presentation Planning stage is very important. Now you have to decide what main messages you want to communicate to your audience – your presentation may be informative or persuasive. Create a strong highly specific thesis statement for your presentation and organize the information you have gathered during your research. A thesis statement presents your main idea in 1 or 2 sentences and lets your audience know what they should expect. A strong thesis statement is clear, concise, specific, and original. It shouldn’t just announce your topic but also reflect your specific angle on the topic. For example, if you are going to make a presentation on the psychology of childhood and fairy tales, your thesis statement may look like this one: ‘Fairy tales reveal a number of specific relationships between young children and their mothers and help explain some important aspects of the psychology of young children like high competition for mother’s attention between siblings and fear of abandonment.’ Use brainstorming techniques and mind mapping and decide what key points you can include in your presentation to effectively support your thesis. When determining how important each piece of content is and whether you should include it or not, you should consider its added value. Your task is to provide a logical argument. Remember: no matter how good an idea is if it doesn’t contribute to supporting your thesis, you should exclude it. Besides, you should remember that you have limited time for your oral presentation so you should be concise when presenting the background and the theory for your research in order to have more time for presenting your study and findings. Share only the necessary information and emphasize your key points to convey a clear message to your audience. It’s important to create a working outline that will help you stay on the track as you write your presentation. Creating an outline in the form of a mind map, a summary table or using another method will make the writing process easier and quicker. There is no set formula for the structure of your presentation but you may follow a basic structure that includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Write a Draft for Your Psychology Presentation When you start writing your draft, you should remember that your task is to present a logical sequence of ideas. Don’t just write all the information that you know but articulate your argument and discuss it. Your presentation should â€Å"flow† and each paragraph should be linked to the previous one. Besides, every paragraph needs to represent one main theme which is explained, developed, and illustrated by evidence and examples. Now let’s discuss how to write each part of a psychology presentation in detail. Introductions typically take about 10% of the full word count. A good introduction: begins with a general statement that introduces a topic; provides background information and defines the key terms; sum-ups in 1 or 2 sentences the overall goal of your presentation or reveals your position concerning the issue; identifies the main themes that will be discussed; outlines the presentation’s key argument. For example, you may start your introduction with a general statement that introduces a broad topic like this one: ‘Recent studies on personality development have revealed insight in specific areas which were earlier considered inexplicable such as early interpersonal environment but there are some inconsistencies that require additional examination.’ Sometimes, it is better to write your introduction after you have finished the main body. This approach is preferable when the topic area is not familiar to you. Writing your introduction last will allow you to show a better understanding of the topic and make the beginning of your psychology presentation more powerful. If you write your introduction first, you should check it after you finish the body to ensure that it introduces all your arguments. Body paragraphs typically take about 80% of the total word count. Every body paragraph should convey one main theme and present a number of points relevant to your overall argument. All points should be explained, evaluated, and supported by high-quality evidence and examples. You may also include relevant quotations that support your point of view but you should use them sparingly. You should take into consideration that in psychology, all evidence should rely on data and not on someone’s opinion. For example, if you want to state that attitudes towards gay rights have more liberal in the US, you may convey this idea like this: ‘Recent research has shown that people’s attitudes towards gay rights have typically become more liberal over the last 10 years (Brown, 2015).’ Begin each body paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Include supporting sentences to develop this idea and examples, facts or expert ideas that prove the key point. Provide an evaluation of the evidence and explain why you think it is relevant to your topic. Sum up the ideas of each paragraph with a concluding sentence. Use specific phrases and sentences to show transitions between the paragraphs, for example, in addition, consequently, however, therefore, nevertheless, obviously, on the contrary, in the same way, etc. Ideally, a conclusion summarizes and ties together all the key themes and arguments of your psychology presentation. You shouldn’t include any new information here – only the information and arguments you have already discussed. You may restate your position, briefly sum up and evaluate the key points, and suggest some ideas for further research in the concluding sentence. Revise and Edit Your Draft When you finish the first draft of your presentation, you must revise it and check if it â€Å"flows†. A logical flow is an essential feature of an effective communication as well as correct grammar and spelling. Reread your presentation to take a second look at your ideas and make changes to ensure that all paragraphs follow a logical order. You may change or add information to make your ideas more accurate or more convincing. You may need to rearrange your paragraphs to different positions so that their themes were arranged in a logical sequence. The next stage is editing when you need to improve the writing style. You should check how you expressed your interesting ideas. You can change or add words to improve word choice. You need to fix sentence structure and eliminate spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes. Do your best to make your presentation in psychology a polished piece of writing. Finally, format your psychology presentation using the APA style. Tips on Making Visuals for a Presentation in Psychology Visual aids (slides, handouts, graphs, charts, posters) help you guide your audience through your talk and communicate the essential information more clearly. For example, if you are talking about a specific part of the human brain, it would be better if your audience could see a picture of the human brain where this specific part is highlighted. But if you use something like humorous animation or clipart, your visual aid will not be helpful in enhancing the audience’s understanding. Here are some tips on how to create effective slides: Make your slides simple and only add elements, for example, colors that can add some value to your presentation in psychology; Use large fonts – 32pt for your main points and 44pt for titles; Don’t write complete sentences. Instead, use bullet points to give your audience a structure they could follow; If you use graphs and charts, keep them simple and don’t clutter them with additional numbers; Make your visuals professionally attractive. Use the same fonts and backgrounds for all slides and be very careful with images that are not relevant to your topic. Creating presentations doesn’t need to be a challenge. We hope that our easy writing guide will help you create a powerful presentation in psychology and make a great impression on your audience.

Postal and Traditional State Abbreviations Reference Guide

Postal and Traditional State Abbreviations Reference Guide Wondering when to use abbreviations versus the full names when writing about states? As a general rule, the names of states should be spelled out when they appear in sentences  but abbreviated in other contexts. For example: Our family had been  transferred from Endicott, New York, to Raleigh, North Carolina. That was the word used by the people at IBM, transferred.  (David Sedaris, Naked, 1997)Both  men were raised in the Midwest   (Garfield in Ohio, Guiteau in Illinois) by a single, widowed parent.  (Sarah Vowell, Assassination Vacation, 2005) This rule applies also if you are writing something formal and following a style guide, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, MLA Style, American Psychological Association Publication Manual (APA), or Associated Press Style (AP).   When to Use State Abbreviations In bibliographies,  lists, charts where space is at a premium, reference lists, footnotes and endnotes, and in mailing addresses, state names are usually shortened  using the postal abbreviation. This applies to  Chicago Manual of Style  and the American psychological Association Style (APA). The two-letter, no-period state abbreviations recommended by the U.S. Postal Service (See Postal Abbreviations in the chart below.) should always be used where a Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) code follows. These postal  abbreviations may also be used in any context where abbreviations are appropriate. Some writers and editors still prefer to use the older forms of state abbreviations. (See Traditional Abbreviations in the table below.) If you follow this practice, be consistent in your use of the traditional abbreviations, and remember that eight states (Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas, and Utah) are only rarely abbreviated when using the older (pre-ZIP code) forms. Why the ZIP Code Abbreviations Were Developed Before 1963, there were no ZIP  codes used on postal mail in the United States, and the U.S. Post Office preferred that people wrote out state and territory names  completely  to avoid confusion in sorting mail. In the early 1800s, it had established a standardized list of acceptable abbreviations, updating it in 1874. The list remained relatively unchanged until ZIP codes were introduced.   The addition of seven additional characters on a final address line (ZIP code plus two spaces) necessitated the shortening of state abbreviations to fewer characters. The Post Office aimed to fit the final address line into 23 characters to accommodate major addressing systems. U.S. or US for United States Finally, United States may be abbreviated to U.S. when used as an adjective, but in formal writing, its customarily spelled out as a noun. If you are following the Chicago Manual, youll remove the periods to become US except in bibliography or reference entries pertaining to U.S. statutes, court cases, and other legal-context usages, which retain the periods. If youre following APA or AP, you  will keep  the periods there too. MLA prefers to spell out United States as an adjective or a noun in running text. List of State Abbreviations This handy chart has both the postal and the traditional abbreviations, for your reference: STATE POSTAL ABBREVIATION TRADITIONAL ABBREVIATION Alabama AL Ala. Alaska AK Alaska Arizona AZ Ariz. Arkansas AR Ark. California CA Calif. Colorado CO Colo. Connecticut CT Conn. Delaware DE Del. District of Columbia DC D.C. Florida FL Fla. Georgia GA Ga. Hawaii HI Hawaii Idaho ID Idaho Illinois IL Ill. Indiana IN Ind. Iowa IA Iowa Kansas KS Kans. Kentucky KY Ky. Louisiana LA La. Maine ME Maine Maryland MD Md. Massachusetts MA Mass. Michigan MI Mich. Minnesota MN Minn. Mississippi MS Miss. Missouri MO Mo. Montana MT Mont. Nebraska NE Neb. or Nebr. Nevada NV Nev. New Hampshire NH N.H. New Jersey NJ N.J. New Mexico NM N.Mex. New York NY N.Y. North Carolina NC N.C. North Dakota ND N.Dak. Ohio OH Ohio Oklahoma OK Okla. Oregon OR Ore. or Oreg. Pennsylvania PA Pa. Rhode Island RI R.I. South Carolina SC S.C. South Dakota SD S.Dak. Tennessee TN Tenn. Texas TX Tex. or Texas Utah UT Utah Vermont VT Vt. Virginia VA Va. Washington WA Wash. West Virginia WV W.Va. Wisconsin WI Wis. or Wisc. Wyoming WY Wyo.